Dawn is the top-selling dish soap in North America, and it is genuinely effective — the petroleum-derived surfactants (sodium lauryl sulfate and related compounds) cut through grease efficiently. The concerns are the ingredient list beyond the surfactants: synthetic fragrance (undisclosed compounds), synthetic dyes, and preservatives. Dawn's 'fragrance' listing alone represents an unknown number of undisclosed chemicals that come into daily hand contact during dishwashing.
Castile soap uses saponified vegetable oils — coconut, palm, hemp, or olive — as the surfactant. An unscented castile soap has no synthetic fragrance, no petroleum-derived surfactants, and a fully transparent ingredient list. It is effective for dishwashing when used concentrated, though it can leave slight residue on glassware in hard water areas.
For households prioritizing low daily chemical exposure — especially for people who hand-wash dishes frequently — unscented castile soap removes the fragrance and synthetic surfactant concerns that Dawn introduces. Castile soap rates 'better'; Dawn rates 'caution' primarily for its synthetic fragrance content and petroleum-derived surfactant base. The switch to castile soap is particularly worthwhile for households with frequent hand contact or skin sensitivities.